Definition:
The sex ratio is a demographic measure that denotes the number of females per 1,000 males in a population. It serves as a vital indicator of gender balance within a society, reflecting both the social status of women and broader socio-economic conditions. A balanced sex ratio is essential for maintaining social equilibrium, while a skewed ratio may indicate underlying issues such as gender discrimination or imbalanced social policies.

1. National Overview:
   India's sex ratio has long been a subject of concern due to its imbalanced nature. According to the 2011 Census, the country recorded a sex ratio of 940 females for every 1,000 males. This figure, though slightly improved compared to previous decades, still highlights a significant gender disparity. When compared globally, India’s sex ratio is lower than many other nations, indicating deep-rooted socio-cultural preferences for male children over female children. This imbalance is often linked to various practices and beliefs that devalue the role of women in society.
2. Trends Over Time:
   Historically, the sex ratio in India has seen a gradual decline, a trend that has been shaped by socio-economic factors and cultural practices. The 1951 Census documented a sex ratio of 946 females per 1,000 males, which was relatively higher than more recent figures. Over the decades, this ratio has steadily decreased, reaching concerning levels in certain regions. Factors such as male preference, female infanticide, and neglect of female health have contributed to this decline. Although there has been some progress in recent years, with slight improvements in the sex ratio, the overall trend still underscores the persistence of gender bias in many parts of the country.
3. Regional Variations:
   The sex ratio in India is not uniform across all states and union territories, with significant regional disparities evident. For instance, Kerala boasts one of the highest sex ratios in the country, with 1,084 females per 1,000 males, reflecting the state’s better socio-economic conditions and higher literacy rates. On the other hand, Haryana has one of the lowest sex ratios, with only 877 females per 1,000 males. This stark contrast highlights the influence of local cultural practices, economic conditions, and the effectiveness of state policies on gender balance. Regions like Punjab, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh also exhibit low sex ratios, often due to entrenched patriarchal norms and a preference for male children.
4. Impact of Gender Imbalance:
   A skewed sex ratio can have profound and far-reaching consequences for society. One of the most immediate impacts is the shortage of brides in regions with significantly lower female populations. This shortage can lead to increased instances of forced marriages, trafficking, and even polyandry in some cases. Additionally, gender imbalance often exacerbates social instability, leading to higher crime rates, particularly against women. The scarcity of women in certain areas can also contribute to the marginalization of women’s voices in social and political spheres, further entrenching gender inequality.
5. Government Initiatives:
   Recognizing the critical need to address the skewed sex ratio, the Indian government has launched several initiatives aimed at improving gender balance. The Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (Save the Daughter, Educate the Daughter) scheme is one such program, focusing on the welfare and education of girls. This initiative seeks to change societal attitudes towards female children, promote their education, and ensure their survival and protection. Other government policies include stricter enforcement of laws against prenatal sex determination and increased investment in female healthcare and education. These efforts, while commendable, require sustained implementation and societal support to achieve long-term success.
6. Factors Influencing Sex Ratio:
   Several factors contribute to India’s skewed sex ratio, including a deep-seated preference for male children, practices like female infanticide, and inadequate healthcare for girls. Cultural norms that value sons more highly than daughters often lead to gender-selective practices. In rural areas, the lack of access to proper healthcare for women and girls exacerbates the problem, leading to higher mortality rates among female infants. Addressing these issues requires a multifaceted approach, including improving healthcare services, raising awareness about gender equality, and challenging patriarchal attitudes.
7. Recent Data: As of the latest available data from the 2021 Census, there are indications that efforts to address gender imbalance are slowly bearing fruit. Some regions have shown marginal improvements in their sex ratios, reflecting the impact of policy changes and shifts in societal attitudes. However, continuous monitoring and targeted interventions are necessary to ensure these gains are sustained and expanded across the country.