Contemporary debates on the nature of the state have evolved significantly, particularly in the context of security. The shift from state-centric security to human-centric security reflects changing perceptions of threats and priorities. Here’s an overview of these debates:

1- State-Centric Security:

• Definition: This approach emphasizes the security of the state as the primary concern. The state is seen as the main actor responsible for maintaining order and protecting its sovereignty.
• Focus on Military Power: Security is often equated with military strength and territorial integrity, leading to policies that prioritize defense spending and military alliances.
• National Security Framework: Policies are designed to protect the state from external threats, such as military invasions or terrorism, often leading to a reactive posture.
• Realist Perspective: This view aligns with realist theories in international relations, which prioritize the state’s interests and survival over other considerations.

2- Critiques of State-Centric Security:

• Neglect of Human Security: Critics argue that state-centric approaches overlook the security of individuals and communities, leading to policies that may perpetuate violence or injustice.
• Ineffectiveness in Addressing Non-Traditional Threats: Issues such as poverty, disease, environmental degradation, and human rights abuses are often inadequately addressed, despite their significant impact on security.

3- Human-Centric Security:

• Definition: This paradigm shifts the focus from the state to individuals, emphasizing the protection and empowerment of people. Security is defined in terms of human welfare, rights, and dignity.
• Comprehensive Approach: Human-centric security considers a broad range of threats, including economic instability, social injustice, health crises, and environmental challenges.
• Emphasis on Development: Policies are geared toward sustainable development, human rights, and community resilience, recognizing that security is interconnected with social and economic factors.
• Global Governance: This approach advocates for international cooperation and global governance mechanisms to address transnational threats that affect human security.

4-Interconnectedness of Security and Development:

• Human-centric security highlights the link between security and development, arguing that poverty and inequality can lead to instability and conflict.
• The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) reflect this understanding, promoting a holistic approach to security that integrates economic, social, and environmental dimensions.

1. Practical Implications:

• Policymaking now increasingly considers human security in areas such as refugee protection, disaster response, and health security.
• This shift requires rethinking national security strategies to prioritize human rights and community well-being.