Buddhism and Nalanda during the Period of Harsha
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Introduction
During the reign of Harsha Vardhan, a prominent ruler of the Vardhan dynasty in northern India from approximately 606 to 647 CE, Buddhism held a significant influence. This period witnessed the flourishing of Nalanda, a renowned Buddhist monastery and centre of learning. In this article, we will explore the status of Buddhism and the achievements of Nalanda during Harsha's reign.
Buddhism in the Time of Harsha
Even before Harsha's reign, Buddhism had already established itself as a major religion in India. Interestingly, Harsha was initially a patron of Shaivism, a sect devoted to the Hindu god Shiva. However, he later converted to Buddhism, which had a profound impact on the status of the religion during his rule. Harsha's personal interest in Buddhism led to the conversion of many people, and his patronage and support greatly contributed to the growth and development of Buddhism.
Royal Patronage and State Support
Under Harsha's rule, Buddhism received royal patronage and state support. The king sponsored the construction of Buddhist monasteries, stupas, and other religious structures. He also provided financial aid to Buddhist institutions and organized grand religious ceremonies and festivals. These initiatives helped strengthen Buddhism's position and attracted more followers to the faith.
Nalanda University during Harsha's Reign
Nalanda, located in present-day Bihar, was a prestigious centre of Buddhist learning during Harsha's time. The Nalanda University, also known as the Nalanda Mahavihara, became a thriving hub of intellectual and spiritual pursuits. It attracted students and scholars from different parts of the world and made significant contributions to the spread of Buddhist philosophy, logic, and various academic disciplines.
Curriculum and Scholarly Activities at Nalanda
Nalanda University boasted a vast library containing numerous manuscripts and scriptures. It offered a comprehensive curriculum that encompassed various branches of knowledge, including Buddhism, Vedas, astronomy, medicine, and philosophy. The scholars at Nalanda engaged in rigorous debates and discussions, fostering intellectual growth and the exchange of ideas. Harsha himself visited Nalanda and actively participated in philosophical debates with the scholars, demonstrating his deep interest in Buddhism and intellectual pursuits.
International Reputation of Nalanda
The prominence of Nalanda extended far beyond India. The university's reputation attracted students and scholars from neighbouring countries such as China, Tibet, and Sri Lanka. These foreign scholars added to the cultural diversity and academic excellence of Nalanda, further enhancing its stature as a global centre of learning.
Challenges and Decline
Despite its achievements, Buddhism and Nalanda faced challenges and eventual decline after Harsha's death. The empire experienced political instability and fragmentation, leading to a decline in royal patronage and support for Buddhism and Nalanda. Furthermore, the rise of Hindu revivalist movements and the increasing influence of Islamic powers in the region posed additional challenges to the Buddhist establishment.
Decline and Destruction of Nalanda
By the 12th century, Nalanda had experienced a gradual decline, partly due to the loss of royal patronage and the ravages of invasions. However, the final blow came in 1193 when the Turkish Muslim invader Bakhtiyar Khilji attacked Nalanda. The city was looted, its li braries were burned, and many scholars and monks lost their lives. This devastating event marked the end of an era of Buddhist learning and scholarship in India.
Conclusion :
During Harsha's rule, Buddhism flourished with royal patronage and support. Harsha's personal conversion to Buddhism and his subsequent interest in the religion played a pivotal role in its growth. Nalanda University emerged as a beacon of knowledge and wisdom, attracting scholars from all corners of the world. However, after Harsha's death, political instability, decline in patronage, and the influence of rival religious movements contributed to the decline of Buddhism and Nalanda.
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Unit - II